Icyuma kitagira umwanda - gishobora gukoreshwa kandi kirambye

Ibyuma bisubirwamo kandi birambye

Kuva ryatangira gukoreshwa mu 1915, ibyuma bitagira umwanda byatoranijwe cyane kugirango bikoreshwe mu nganda zinyuranye kubera imashini nziza kandi yangirika. Noneho, nkuko hibandwa cyane ku guhitamo ibikoresho birambye, ibyuma bitagira umwanda bigenda byamenyekana cyane kubera ibidukikije byiza. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda birashobora gukoreshwa 100% kandi mubisanzwe byujuje ibyangombwa byubuzima bwumushinga ufite ubuzima bwiza bwo kugarura ubuzima. Byongeye kandi, ni ngombwa kumenya ko mugihe akenshi usanga hari amahitamo atoroshye guhitamo hagati yo gushyira mubikorwa icyatsi kibisi no gushyira mubikorwa igisubizo cyigiciro cyinshi, ibisubizo byicyuma bidafite ingese akenshi bitanga uburambe bwombi.

Gusubiramo ibyuma bidafite ingese

Ibyuma bitagira umwanda birashobora gukoreshwa 100% kandi ntibishobora gutesha agaciro. Inzira yo gutunganya ibyuma bidafite ingese ni kimwe no kuyibyaza umusaruro. Byongeye kandi, ibyuma bidafite ingese bikozwe mubikoresho byinshi bibisi, birimo ibyuma, nikel, chromium na molybdenum, kandi ibyo bikoresho birakenewe cyane. Izi ngingo zose zishyize hamwe kugirango itunganyirize ibyuma bidafite ingese cyane mubukungu bityo biganisha ku gipimo cyo hejuru cyane. Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa n’ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’ibyuma (ISSF) ryerekana ko hafi 92% y’ibyuma bitagira umwanda bikoreshwa mu kubaka, kubaka no kubaka mu isi hose bigarurwa kandi bigatunganywa nyuma ya serivisi. [1]

Mu 2002, Ihuriro Mpuzamahanga ry’ibyuma byagereranije ko ibintu bisanzwe bitunganyirizwa mu byuma bitagira umwanda bigera kuri 60%. Rimwe na rimwe, ibi biri hejuru. Inganda zihariye z’inganda zo muri Amerika ya Ruguru (SSINA) zivuga ko urukurikirane rw’ibyuma 300 bitagira umwanda bikorerwa muri Amerika ya Ruguru bifite ibicuruzwa nyuma y’umuguzi byongeye gukoreshwa bingana na 75% kugeza 85%. [2] Nubwo iyi mibare ari nziza, ni ngombwa kumenya ko atariyo mpamvu yo hejuru. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda bikunda kugira ubuzima burebure mubikorwa byinshi. Byongeye kandi, icyifuzo cyibyuma bidafite ingese ni byinshi muri iki gihe kuruta uko byahoze. Kubwibyo, nubwo igipimo kinini cyo gutunganya ibyuma bitagira umwanda, ubuzima bwubu bwibyuma bitagira umuyonga mu miyoboro ntibihagije kugirango umusaruro ukenewe muri iki gihe. Iki nikibazo cyiza cyane.

Icyuma kirambye

Usibye kuba ufite ibimenyetso byerekana neza ko byakoreshwa neza kandi bikarangira ubuzima bwanyuma, ibyuma bitagira umwanda byujuje ikindi kintu cyingenzi cyibikoresho birambye. Niba ibyuma bikwiye bidafite ingese byatoranijwe kugirango bihuze nibidukikije byangirika, ibyuma bitagira umwanda birashobora guhura nubuzima bukenewe bwumushinga. Mugihe ibindi bikoresho bishobora gutakaza imbaraga mugihe, ibyuma bidafite ingese birashobora gukomeza gukora no kugaragara mugihe kinini. Inyubako ya Leta y'Ubwami (1931) ni urugero rwiza rwimikorere irambye yigihe kirekire kandi ikora neza-yubaka ibyuma bitagira umwanda. Iyi nyubako yahuye n’umwanda mwinshi, hamwe n’ibisubizo bike cyane, ariko ibyuma bitagira umwanda biracyagaragara ko bimeze neza [iii].

Ibyuma bidafite ingese - guhitamo kuramba kandi mubukungu

Igishimishije cyane ni uko urebye bimwe mubintu bimwe bituma ibyuma bidafite ingese bihitamo ibidukikije nabyo bishobora guhitamo neza mubukungu, cyane cyane iyo urebye ibiciro byubuzima bwumushinga. Nkuko byavuzwe mbere, ibyuma bidafite ingese birashobora kwongerera igihe cyumushinga igihe cyose icyuma kiboneye cyatoranijwe kugirango cyuzuze ibintu byangirika. Ibi na byo, byongera agaciro k'ishyirwa mu bikorwa ugereranije n'ibikoresho bidafite ubuzima burebure. Byongeye kandi, ibyuma bidafite ingese kumishinga yinganda birashobora kugabanya ubuzima bwokuzigama no kugenzura mugihe hagabanijwe ibiciro byigihe gito. Kubireba imishinga yubwubatsi, ibyuma bidafite ingese birashobora kwihanganira ibidukikije bikaze kandi bigakomeza ubwiza bwabyo mugihe. Ibi birashobora kugabanya ubuzima bwo gusiga amarangi no gukora isuku bishobora gukenerwa ugereranije nibindi bikoresho. Mubyongeyeho, gukoresha ibyuma bitagira umwanda bigira uruhare mubyemezo bya LEED kandi bifasha kongera agaciro k'umushinga. Hanyuma, kurangiza ubuzima bwumushinga, ibyuma bisigaye bidafite ingese bifite agaciro gakomeye.